Zirconium Facts (Atomic Number 40 or Zr)

Zirconium is a gray metal that has the distinction of being the last element symbol, alphabetically, of the periodic table. This element finds use in alloys, particularly for nuclear applications. Here are more zirconium element facts: ZirconiumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 40 Symbol: Zr Atomic Weight: 91.224 Discovery: Martin Klaproth 1789 (Germany); zircon mineral is mentioned in biblical texts. Electron Configuration: [Kr] 4d2 5s2 Word Origin: Named for the mineral zircon. Persian zargun: gold-like, which describes the color of the gemstone known as zircon, jargon, hyacinth, jacinth, or ligure. Isotopes: Natural zirconium consists of 5 isotopes; 28 additional isotopes have been characterized. The most common natural isotope is 90Zr, which accounts for 51.45 percent of the element. Of the radioisotopes, 93Zr has the longest half-life, which is 1.53x106 years. Properties: Zirconium is a lustrous grayish-white metal. The pure element is malleable and ductile, but the metal becomes hard and brittle when it contains impurities. Zirconium resists corrosion from acids, alkalis, water, and salt, but it does dissolve in hydrochloric or sulfuric aicd. Finely-divided metal may ignite spontaneously in air, especially at elevated temperatures, but the solid metal is relatively stable. Hafnium is found in zirconium ores and is difficult to separate from zirconium. Commercial-grade zirconium contains from 1% to 3% hafnium. Reactor-grade zirconium is essentially free of hafnium. Uses: Zircaloy(R) is an important alloy for nuclear applications. Zirconium has a low absorption cross section for neutrons, and is therefore used for nuclear energy applications, such as for cladding fuel elements. Zirconium is exceptionally resistant to corrosion by seawater and many common acids and alkalis, so it is used extensively by the chemical industry where corrosive agents are employed. Zirconium is used as an alloying agent in steel, a getter in vacuum tubes, and as a component in surgical appliances, photoflash bulbs, explosive primers, rayon spinnerets, lamp filaments, etc. Zirconium carbonate is used in poison ivy lotions to combine with urushiol. Zirconium alloyed with zinc becomes magnetic at temperatures below 35 °K. Zirconium with niobium is used to make low temperature superconductive magnets. Zirconium oxide (zircon) has a high index of refraction and is used as a gemstone. The impure oxide, zirconia, is used for laboratory crucibles that will withstand heat sh ock, for furnace linings, and by the glass and ceramic industries as a refractory material. Occurrence: Zirconium does not exist as a free element, primarily due to its reactivity with water. The metal has a concentration of around 130 mg/kg in the Earths crust and 0.026 ÃŽ ¼g/L  in sea water. Zirconium is found in S-type stars, the Sun, and meteorites. Lunar rocks contain a zirconium oxide concentration comparable to that of terrestrial rocks. The primary commercial source of zirconium is the silicate mineral zircon (ZrSiO4), which occurs in Brazil, Australia, Russia, South Africa, India, the United States, and in smaller amounts elsewhere in the world. Health Effects: The average human body contains about 250 milligrams of zirconium, but the element serves no known biological function. Dietary sources of zirconium include whole wheat, brown rice, spinach, eggs, and beef. Zirconium is found in antiperspirants and water purification systems. Its use as a carbonate to treat poison ivy has been discontinued because some people experienced skin reactions. While zirconium exposure is generally considered safe, exposure to the metal powder can cause skin irritation. The element is not considered to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Crystal Structure: Zirconium has an alpha phase and a beta phase. At room temperature, the atoms form close-packed hexagonal ÃŽ ±-Zr. At 863  Ã‚ °C, the structure transitions to body-centered ÃŽ ²-Zr. Zirconium Physical Data Element Classification: Transition Metal Density (g/cc): 6.506 Melting Point (K): 2125 Boiling Point (K): 4650 Appearance: grayish-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal Atomic Radius (pm): 160 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 14.1 Covalent Radius (pm): 145 Ionic Radius: 79 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.281 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 19.2 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 567 Debye Temperature (K): 250.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.33 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 659.7 Oxidation States: 4 Lattice Structure: Hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.230 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.593 References Emsley, John (2001). Natures Building Blocks. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 506–510. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.Lide, David R., ed. (2007–2008). Zirconium. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 4. New York: CRC Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8493-0488-0.Meija, J.; et al. (2016). Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 Return to the Periodic Table

William Armitage And Robert Browning s The Clown Punk And...

Explore the ways writers present strong feelings and/or feelings Both Simon Armitage and Robert Browning who wrote â€Å" The clown punk† and â€Å"The last Duchess use form and structure to communicate â€Å"a voice†. sentiment dramatic monologue form feeling of murder, mystery, jealousy naive nature of the duchess many features range The poem Ozymandias written by Percy Shelley is about the narrator who meets a person that tells him about a story on what he saw. Ozymandias shows the nature of power of corruption over time. It is deeply ironic that the statue that is mentioned in the poem, of ozymandias, is broken and is in ruins. It is ironic because when Ozymandias was alive he thought he was powerful and untouchable . He thought he was the â€Å"king of kings†. This quote shows how Ozymandias thought of himself showing how pride has gone to his head . and he thought that he was better than all the kings, his attitude was very arrogant and conceited . Percy Shelley writes this poem in the form of a sonnet, typically written about love. He manipulates the poem to make it his own and fit in with the content. If the reader reads out the poem, they will pick up on the loose use of iambic pentameter. Half rhyme and assonance is also used which ruins the flow and makes the poem sound fractured. The poem has a very irregular pattern in which it mimics the decay by eventually altering the original rhyming pattern till it disappears with odd pattern. â€Å"Half sunk , a shatter’d visage lies† Only

The Value Profile of Bulgarians According to Hall and Hofstede Essay Sample free essay sample

When we talk about intercultural communicating. we consider civilization as a set of beliefs. moralss and values that determine the behaviour of states. Edward T. Hall divided civilizations harmonizing to their ways of pass oning. into high-context and low-context civilizations. Low-context civilizations are civilizations. which need expressed verbal words and information. in order to to the full understand the message. On the other manus a high-context civilization is a civilization where there is a batch of information environing the explicit verbal message. Peoples from a high context civilizations. and Bulgarians are one of them. frequently send more information implicitly. hold a wider web of household. friends. co-workers. clients and are maintaining themselves up to day of the month with the people of import to them. and therefore be given to remain good informed on many topics. How we use clip is one of the most indifferent and certain ways to specify cultural differences har monizing to Hall. We will write a custom essay sample on The Value Profile of Bulgarians According to Hall and Hofstede Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Societies perceive and usage clip otherwise. doing struggles when spouses lack understanding of their cultural differences. Americans. defined as monochronic. pay attending to one thing at a clip. position clip linearly. and agenda and value clip otherwise than make polychronic people. They require more information. adhere to a program of action. and stress promptitude. Conversely. polychronic people. such as Bulgarians. are more time-flexible. execute many undertakings at one time. alteration programs frequently and easy. be given to construct lifetime relationships. and basal promptitude on relationships. When it comes to mensurating cultural differences. there is one individual who admiration a immense research and theoretical parts. His name is Geert Hofstede. He found that differences in values between civilizations could be reduced to four basic values. He calls them dimensions. The four cultural dimensions are: power distance. which has to make with the credence of a hierarchal or unequal power construction. Uncertainty turning away implies how civilizations deal with uncertainnesss of mundane life. Individualism indicates. whether the people perceive themselves as independent or collectivized. Masculinity/ Femininity signifies. whether the dominant values in society are achievement and success or caring for others and quality of life. If we explore the Bulgarian civilization with the aid of Hofstede theoretical account. we can acquire a good overview of the deep drivers of the Bulgarian civilization relation to other universe civilizations. Peoples in Bulgaria accept a hierarchal order in which everybody has a topographic point and which needs no farther justification. Hierarchy in an organisation is seen as reflecting built-in inequalities. centralisation is popular. subsidiaries expect to be told what to make and the ideal foreman is a benevolent tyrant. Bulgaria is more collectivized than individualist and in procedure to go more feminine than masculine. Bulgaria has a really high pe nchant for avoiding uncertainness. Countries exhibiting high uncertainness avoidence maintain stiff codifications of belief and behavior and are intolerant of irregular behavior and thoughts. In these civilizations there is an emotional demand for regulations. clip is money. people have an interior impulse to be busy and work hard. preciseness and promptness are the norm. invention may be resisted. security is an of import component in single motive.